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Tuesday 8 December 2015
China pollution: First ever red alert in effect in Beijing
China pollution: First ever red alert in effect in Beijing
8 December 2015
From the section China
Schools in Beijing
are closed and outdoor construction halted as the Chinese capital's
first ever pollution "red alert" came into effect.
The alert, the highest possible warning level, was issued late Monday and will last until midday on Thursday.
Limits have been placed on car use and some factories have been ordered to stop operations.
It comes as China, the world's worst polluter, takes part in talks on carbon emissions in Paris.
It
is the first time China has declared a red alert under the four-tier
alert system, which was adopted a little over two years ago, although
pollution levels were far from the city's worst.
At 07:00 local time on Tuesday (23:00 GMT on Monday), when the alert came into effect, the US Embassy's air pollution monitor in Beijing reported that the intensity of the tiny particles known as PM 2.5 was at 291 micrograms per cubic metre.
By 11:00 it had dropped very slightly to 250
- still a level it described as "very unhealthy". Levels of the
poisonous particles in the suburbs were reported at several times that
number.
The World Health Organization recommends 25 micrograms per cubic metre as the maximum safe level.
John Sudworth, BBC News, Beijing: "Why red now?"
As
I cycled into the office this morning, smog mask clamped firmly in
place, the traffic was certainly lighter. Beijing's first red alert
means half of all cars must stay off the roads; odd numbered license
plates today, even numbered ones tomorrow.
But although the air is
indeed an unpleasant, filthy grey, the pollution index is actually a
good deal lower than it was this time last week, when the quantity of
dangerous particulate matter (PM 2.5) surged to around 40 times the
World Health Organisation's maximum guideline. Today, it is a mere 10
times that limit.
So why red now? Well, the lack of any previous
red alerts has been met with increasingly loud howls of derision. What
would it take, people wondered last week - as their children felt their
way to the still open schools through the poisonous gloom - for the
government to act?
Perhaps it is the growing public pressure that has finally made the difference this time round.
Coal-powered
industries and heating systems, as well as vehicle emissions and dust
from construction sites, all contribute to the smog which has been
exacerbated by humidity and a lack of wind.
The order will last until 12:00 on Thursday, when a cold front is expected to arrive and clear the smog.
As
well as limits on construction and schools - which were advised to
close if they did not have good air filtration systems - cars are only
permitted to drive on alternate days, with the day depending on whether a
car's number plate ends in an odd or even number. Officials promised
additional public transport to cope with demand.
In pictures: Smog's effect on skyline
The smog film taking China by storm
'Air dark from pollution'
Analysis: Matt McGrath, BBC environment correspondent, Paris
China's air quality is a key factor in its push for a new global deal on climate change.
Its
negotiators here point to their continued investment in renewable
sources of energy, in an effort to cut down on coal consumption,
particularly in urban areas. Around 58% of the increase in the country's
primary energy consumption in 2013-14 came from non-fossil fuel
sources.
These efforts to go green may not be having an immediate
effect on the air in Beijing but they have had an impact on global
output of carbon dioxide. This year's figures, just published, show carbon levels have stalled or declined slightly even while the world economy has expanded.
A
strong agreement here in Paris won't immediately solve China's air
woes, but if it ultimately pushes down the price of renewables even
further, it could play a part in solving the issue long term.
"You
have to do whatever you can to protect yourself,'' Beijing resident Li
Huiwen told AP news agency. "Even when wearing the mask, I feel
uncomfortable and don't have any energy.''
While the smog's
effects have been worsened by weather conditions and the city's
geography - bordered to the south and east by industrial areas that
generate pollution and to the north and west by mountains that trap it -
it has prompted increasing concern that China has prioritised economic
growth at too high an environmental cost.
"It is a sharp warning
to us that we may have too much development at the price of environment
and it is time for us to seriously deal with air pollution,'' said
Beijing worker Fan Jinglong.
The scale of the health impact is
vast. There have been 1.4 million premature deaths in China because of
air pollution, according to a study led by Jos Lelieveld of Germany's Max Planck Institute and published this year in Nature magazine.
What are PM 2.5 particles?
Particulate matter, or PM, 2.5 is a type of pollution involving fine particles less than 2.5 microns (0.0025mm) in diameter
A second type, PM 10, is of coarser particles with a diameter of up to 10 microns
Some occur naturally - e.g. from dust storms and forest fires, others from human industrial processes
They often consist of fragments that
are small enough to reach the lungs or, in the smallest cases, to cross
into the bloodstream as well
Activists said the level hit 1,400 micrograms per cubic metre in the north-east city of Shenyang last month, saying it was the worst seen in China.
In comparison, London's PM 2.5 average on 6 December was 8 micrograms per cubic metre, the Environmental Research Group at King's College said. It said more than 70 was reached during spring 2014 and 2015, and the highest was on bonfire night, 5 November 2006, at 112.
Last week, activists from Greenpeace had urged the Chinese government to declare a red alert. Another Chinese city, Nanjing, issued a red alert in December 2013.
On 30 November, Beijing issued an orange alert - the second-highest of the four-tier system adopted in 2013.
Pollution
in the capital had in fact improved in the first 10 months of the year
compared with the same period last year, although pollution levels were
still frequently high.
Correspondents say Chinese officials had been unwilling to commit to hard targets on reducing carbon emissions,
but have now realised the country has to cut its dependence on fossil
fuels. President Xi Jinping promised to take action over China's
emissions at the global climate change talks in Paris.
China still depends on coal for more than 60% of its power, despite major investment in renewable energy sources.
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